Applied Veterinary Clinical Nutrition [Team-IRA]

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Integration of Nutrition into Clinical Practice
	Introduction
	Average Revenue from Food Sales and the Potential
	Strategies to Increase Product Sales
		Recommending an Effective Therapeutic Food
		Recommending Therapeutic Treats
		Recommending Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements
	Creating or Increasing Revenue from Nutritional Advice
		Nutritional Advice for Healthy Patients
		Nutritional Advice for Unhealthy Patients
	References
Chapter 2 Basic Nutrition Overview
	Energy
		Energy Requirements
	Essential Nutrients
		Protein and Amino Acids
		Fat
		Carbohydrates
		Minerals
		Vitamins
		Storage Pools for Essential Nutrients
	Essential Nutrient Deficiency Signs and Clinically Available or Relevant Methods of Assessing Nutrient Status
		Protein
		Amino Acids
		Fat
		Minerals
		Macrominerals (Typically Required at 100 mg/Mcal)
		Microminerals (Typically Required at <100 mg/Mcal)
		Vitamins
		Fat-Soluble Vitamins
		Water-Soluble Vitamins
		Diagnostic and Food Analysis Laboratories and Diet Computer Analysis
	Nutrient Requirements
	Key Clinical Nutritional Excesses and Signs
	Additional Education on Nutrition
	References
Chapter 3 Determining Energy Requirements
	Units
	Basic Concepts and Terminology
	Diet Records or History
	Calculating the Energy Content of a Diet
		Practical Equations for Predicting the Metabolizable Energy Content of Dog and Cat Foods
	Calculating Energy Requirement from Body Weight
		Methods of Determining Energy Expenditure and Energy Requirements
		Methods of Calculating Energy Expenditure and Energy Requirements
		Energy Requirements for Maintenance
		Energy Requirements for Growth
		Energy Requirements for Pregnancy and Lactation
	Calculating Energy Requirements in States of Disease
	Summary
	References
Chapter 4 Nutritional and Energy Requirements for Performance
	How Much Should Exercising Dogs Be Fed?
	Energy Requirements for Performance and Work
	Types of Exercise and Nutrient Requirements
	The Importance of Training
	Nutritional Recommendations for Dogs Undertaking Different Types of Exercise
		Long-Distance Submaximal Aerobic Exercise
		Short-Distance Supramaximal Anaerobic Exercise
		Fluid and Electrolyte Requirements, Hydration, and “Sports Drinks”
		Antioxidants
		Other Vitamins, Trace Minerals, and Other Essential Nutrients
		Other Nutritional Supplements
		Time of Feeding
	Summary
	References
Chapter 5 Pet Food and Supplement Regulations: Practical Implications
	US Regulation
		US Regulation of Pet Foods and Supplements
		Labeling Claims
		Summary
	European Union Regulation
		Definitions, Abbreviations, and Acronyms
		General Pet Food Regulations
		Complementary Pet Food: Composition, Uses, and Labeling
		Dietetic Pet Food
		Practical Implications
		Summary
	References
Chapter 6 Using Pet Food Labels and Product Guides
	“Reading” a Pet Food Label
		Overview of Regulatory Oversight
		Principal Display Panel or Front Display Panel
		Back Panel
	Caloric Distribution Calculation
	Using Product Brochures and Guides
		Converting Nutrient Concentrations to a Dry Matter Basis
		Converting Nutrient Concentrations to an Energy Basis
		Converting to Other Units
		Product Guide Recommendations for Conditions and Diseases
	Summary
		Recommended Resources
Chapter 7 Feeding the Healthy Dog and Cat
	Feeding the Healthy Dog and Cat
		How Much to Feed
	When and How to Feed
		Free-Choice (Ad Libitum, Self-Feeding)
		Time-Restricted Meal Feeding
		Portion-Controlled Feeding
		Snacks and Treats
		Jerky Treats and Fanconi Syndrome in Dogs
	What to Feed
	Feeding Guidelines for Different Life Stages
		Gestation and Lactation
		Growth
		Weaning to Adult
		Adult Cats and Dogs
		Senior Dogs and Cats
	Summary
	References
Chapter 8 Commercial and Home-Prepared Diets
	Introduction
	Commercial Diets
		Types of Pet Foods
		Terminology
		Market Segments
	Commercial Dog and Cat Diet Formulation and Considerations
		Ingredient Database Population
		Ingredient Procurement
		Formulation Software
		Equipment
		Guaranteed Analysis Target
		Ingredient Declaration Order
		Functionality
		Shelf Life
		Palatability
		Least Cost
		Stool Quality and Digestibility
		Labeling
		Continuous Improvement
	Home-Prepared Diets
		Nutritional Adequacy
		Managing Patients Using Home-Prepared Diets
	Raw Food Feeding
	Summary
	References
Chapter 9 Nutritional Management of Body Weight
	The Health Consequences of Overweightness and Obesity
		Obesity as a Risk Factor for Canine Orthopedic Disease
		Obesity as a Risk Factor for Feline Diabetes Mellitus
		Additional Health Risks of Obesity in Dogs and Cats
	Increasing Awareness of Overweightness and Obesity
		Targeting Optimal Weight
		Body Condition Scoring
		Understanding the Risk Factors for Weight Gain
	Accurate Accounting of Caloric Intake
	Formulation of the Weight-Loss Plan
		Dietary Considerations
		Exercise
		Tailoring the Program to the Patient
	Assessment of the Weight-Loss Plan
		Safety and Efficacy of Weight-Loss Programs for Companion Animals
	Adjustment of the Weight-Loss Plan
	Summary
	References
Chapter 10 Nutritional Management of Orthopedic Diseases
	Bone Composition and Calciotropic Hormones
		Chemical Composition of Bone
		Mineral Composition During Growth
		Hormonal Regulation of Calcium
	The Role of Nutrition During Skeletal Growth and Development
		Energy
		Calcium, Phosphorus, and Vitamin D
		Phosphorus Deficiency
		Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets or Hypovitaminosis D)
		Deficiency of Other Trace Minerals
		Calcium Excess (Alimentary Hypercalcitoninism)
		Vitamin D Excess
		Vitamin A Excess
	Nutrient Requirements for Skeletal Maintenance in Adult Animals
	Implementation of Nutrition in Clinical Orthopedics
	Influence of Nutrition in the Occurrence of Orthopedic Diseases
		Elbow Dysplasias
		Hip Dysplasia
		Hypertrophic Osteodystrophy (or Metaphyseal Osteopathy) in Dogs
	Prevention of Nutritionally Related Orthopedic Diseases
	Diets to Support Treatment of Patients with Osteoarthrosis
		Causative Role of Nutrition
		Therapeutic Role of Nutrition
		Osteoarthrosis in Cats
	Summary
	References
Chapter 11 Nutritional Management of Gastrointestinal Diseases
	Key Dietary Variables
		Protein
		Glutamine
		Fat
		Fiber and Prebiosis
	Immune Response to Dietary Antigens (Oral Tolerance)
		Immunologic Basis for Oral Tolerance
		Loss of Tolerance to Dietary Antigens
		Food Immunogenicity
	Acute Gastrointestinal Disease
		Withholding Food for Acute Non-specific Gastroenteritis
		Benefits of Luminal Nutrition in Acute Gastroenteritis
		Veterinary Evidence
		Recommendations
	Chronic Gastrointestinal Disease
		Periodontal Disease
		Esophageal Disease
		Small Intestinal Disease
	Large Intestinal Disease
		Colitis
		Idiopathic Large-Bowel Diarrhea
		Constipation and Megacolon
		Intestinal Gas and Flatulence
	Summary
	References
Chapter 12 Nutritional Management of Exocrine Pancreatic Diseases
	Pancreatitis
		Pathophysiology
	Nutritional Management
		Controversies Regarding Nutritional Management
		Dietary Management
		Foods to Avoid in Chronic Pancreatitis
	Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency
		Pathophysiology
	Nutritional Management
		Controversies Regarding Nutritional Management
		Dietary Management
	Summary
	References
Chapter 13 Nutritional Management of Hepatobiliary Diseases
	Metabolic Alterations in Liver Failure
		Carbohydrate Metabolic Alterations
		Protein and Amino Acid Metabolic Alterations
		Lipid Metabolic Alterations
		Vitamin and Mineral Abnormalities
		Malnutrition in Liver Disease
	Nutritional Management of Common Hepatobiliary Disorders
		Feline Idiopathic Hepatic Lipidosis
		Copper-Associated Hepatotoxicity in Dogs
		Portosystemic Shunts and Hepatic Encephalopathy
		Chronic Hepatitis
	Summary
	References
Chapter 14 Nutritional Management of Skin Diseases
	Evaluation of Diet in the Context of Dermatologic Disease
	Nutritional Deficiencies and Excesses
		Protein
		Essential Fatty Acids
		Zinc
		Copper
		Vitamin A
		Vitamin E
		Vitamin B Complex
		Vitamin C
		Generic Dog Food Dermatosis
	Skin Diseases That Benefit from Nutritional or Dietary Management
		Cutaneous Adverse Food Reactions
		Cutaneous Xanthomatosis
		Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis
	Nutritional Supplementation for Management of Skin Disease
		Fatty Acid Supplementation
		Zinc Supplementation for Skin Disease
		B Vitamin Supplementation
		Vitamin A–Responsive Skin Diseases
		Vitamin E–Responsive Skin Diseases
	Therapeutic Diets for Skin Health
	Summary
	References
Chapter 15 Nutritional Management of Kidney Disease
	Chronic Kidney Disease
		Water
		Energy
		Protein
		Phosphate
		Electrolytes
		Acid–Base Balance
		Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids
		Fiber
		Antioxidants
		Nutrients That Target the Endothelium
		Clinical Efficacy
		Administration
		Concurrent Diseases
		Home-Prepared Diets
		Monitoring
	Acute Kidney Injury
	Glomerular Disease
	Fanconi Syndrome
	Conclusion
	Summary
	References
Chapter 16 Nutritional Management of Lower Urinary Tract Disease
	Crystal-Related Lower Urinary Tract Disease
		Urolithiasis
		Surgically and Minimally Invasive Management of Uroliths
		Matrix-Crystalline Urethral Plugs
	Idiopathic Cystitis
	Urinary Tract Infections
	Summary
	References
Chapter 17 Nutritional Management of Endocrine Diseases
	Diabetes Mellitus
		Nutritional Factors
		Food Type
		Feeding Recommendations and Assessment
	Hyperlipidemia
		Classification and Etiology
		Clinical Signs and Diagnosis
		Management and Assessment
	Hypothyroidism and Hyperadrenocorticism in Dogs
	Dietary Hyperthyroidism in Dogs
	Feline Hyperthyroidism and Idiopathic Hypercalcemia
		Hyperthyroidism
		Feline Idiopathic Hypercalcemia
	Summary
	References
Chapter 18 Nutritional Management of Cardiovascular Diseases
	Feeding the Cat with Cardiac Disease
		Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
		Dilated Cardiomyopathy
	Feeding the Dog with Cardiac Disease
		Asymptomatic Cardiac Disease (Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, or Other Cardiac Diseases; American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine [ACVIM] Stage B)
		Mild to Moderate Congestive Heart Failure (ACVIM Stage C)
		Advanced Congestive Heart Failure (ACVIM Stage D)
		Additional Supplements for Dogs with Cardiac Disease
		Hypertension
	General Nutritional Issues for Dogs and Cats with Cardiac Disease
	Summary
	References
Chapter 19 Nutritional Management of Oncologic Diseases
	Cancer-Associated Malnutrition
		Weight Loss and Cachexia in Humans with Cancer
		Weight Loss and Cachexia in Cats and Dogs with Cancer
		Obesity in Humans with Cancer
		Obesity in Cats and Dogs with Cancer
		Canine Mammary Tumors and Obesity
	Nutritional Management of Cats and Dogs with Cancer
		Energy
		Calorie Sources
		Protein and Amino Acids
		Assisted Feeding
		Other Nutrients for Cats and Dogs with Cancer
	Nutritional Fads
		Supplements and Nutraceuticals
		Feeding Raw Foods to Cats and Dogs with Cancer
	Summary
	References
Chapter 20 Enteral Nutrition and Tube Feeding
	The Case for Enteral Feeding
	Nutritional Support of Veterinary Patients
	When to Intervene
	General Contraindications
	Enteral Feeding Devices
		Nasoenteral Feeding Tubes
		Pharyngostomy Feeding Tubes
		Esophagostomy Feeding Tubes
		Gastrostomy Feeding Tubes
		Jejunal Feeding Tubes
	Beginning Enteral Feeding
	Diet Choices
	Immunomodulating Nutrients
		Glutamine
		Arginine
		Other Nutrients
	Calculation of Energy Requirements
	Complications
		Mechanical Complications
		Metabolic Complications
		Gastrointestinal Complications
	Transitioning Patients to Voluntary Intake
	Summary
	References
Chapter 21 Parenteral Nutrition
	History
	Assessment of Nutritional Status and Patient Selection
	Nomenclature
	Determination of Administration Route
	Catheter Selection and Placement
	Parenteral Nutrition Components
		Protein
		Fat
	Carbohydrate
		Electrolytes and Trace Minerals
		Vitamins
	Energy Requirements
	Formulation Calculations
	Compounding
	Initiating Parenteral Nutrition
	Monitoring Guidelines
	Complications
		Metabolic Complications
		Mechanical Complications
		Septic Complications
	Discontinuing ParenteralNutrition
	Summary
	References
Chapter 22 Abridged Clinical Nutrition Topics for Companion Avian Species
	Water
		Clinical and Welfare Considerations Associated with Water
	Energy
		Sources of Energy
		Clinical Issues Associated with Energy Imbalance: Obesity
	Food-Based Enrichment
	Amino Acids and Protein
		Clinical Issues with Protein/Amino Acids
	Essential Fatty Acids and Lipids
		Clinical Issues Associated with Lipid Nutrition: Atherosclerosis
	Vitamins
		Clinical Issues Associated with Vitamin Nutrition
	Minerals
		Clinical Issues Associated with Mineral Nutrition
	Other Clinical Nutrition Issues
		Nutrition and Feather-Damaging Behaviors
		Appropriate Diets for Birds and Their Role in Animal Well-Being
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 23 Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores and Carnivores
	General Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores
		Lagomorphs (Rabbits) and Caviomorphs (Chinchillas and Guinea Pigs)
		Gastrointestinal Physiology and Anatomic Features
		Rabbit, Chinchilla, and Guinea Pig Normal Diet
	Nutrition-Related Diseases of Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores
		Lagomorphs (Rabbits) and Caviomorphs (Chinchillas and Guinea Pigs)
	Critical Care Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Herbivores
		Energy Calculations for Rabbits, Chinchillas, and Guinea Pigs
	General Nutrition for Small Mammalian Carnivores
		Ferrets
	Nutrition-Related Diseases of Small Mammalian Companion Carnivores
		Ferrets and Considerations for Mink
	Nutrition-Related Diseases of Small Mammalian Carnivores
		Ferrets
	Critical Care Nutrition for Small Mammalian Companion Carnivores
		Ferrets
	References
Index
EULA